[gtk/docs-gtk-org] Add the Main Loop section to the GLib reference

From: Emmanuele Bassi <ebassi src gnome org>
To: commits-list gnome org
Cc:
Subject: [gtk/docs-gtk-org] Add the Main Loop section to the GLib reference
Date: Wed, 4 Aug 2021 15:05:00 +0000 (UTC)
commit 23f273e8dd325e436b6607f1474a678fec9334ba
Author: Emmanuele Bassi <ebassi gnome org>
Date:   Wed Aug 4 16:03:41 2021 +0100

    Add the Main Loop section to the GLib reference
    
    Another important section that does not belong to any single type.

 glib/glib/glib.toml.in        |   4 +
 glib/glib/main-loop.md        | 107 +++++++++++++++
 glib/glib/mainloop-states.eps | 306 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 glib/glib/mainloop-states.fig |  65 +++++++++
 glib/glib/mainloop-states.gif | Bin 0 -> 7088 bytes
 glib/glib/mainloop-states.png | Bin 0 -> 15258 bytes
 glib/glib/meson.build         |   1 +
 7 files changed, 483 insertions(+)
---
diff --git a/glib/glib/glib.toml.in b/glib/glib/glib.toml.in
index 0fdf56dee6..5d4022b5e1 100644
--- a/glib/glib/glib.toml.in
+++ b/glib/glib/glib.toml.in
@@ -34,8 +34,12 @@ urlmap_file = "urlmap.js"
 # The same order will be used when generating the index
 content_files = [
   "error-reporting.md",
+  "main-loop.md",
   "reference-counting.md",
 ]
+content_images = [
+  "mainloop-states.gif",
+]
 
 [[object]]
 pattern = "DEPRECATED_IN_2_*"
diff --git a/glib/glib/main-loop.md b/glib/glib/main-loop.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd63b201d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/glib/glib/main-loop.md
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+Title: The Main Event Loop
+
+# The Main Event Loop
+
+The main event loop manages all the available sources of events for GLib and
+GTK applications. These events can come from any number of different types
+of sources such as file descriptors (plain files, pipes or sockets) and
+timeouts. New types of event sources can also be added using
+`g_source_attach()`.
+
+To allow multiple independent sets of sources to be handled in different
+threads, each source is associated with a `GMainContext`.  A `GMainContext`
+can only be running in a single thread, but sources can be added to it and
+removed from it from other threads. All functions which operate on a
+`GMainContext` or a built-in `GSource` are thread-safe.
+
+Each event source is assigned a priority. The default priority,
+`G_PRIORITY_DEFAULT`, is 0. Values less than 0 denote higher priorities.
+Values greater than 0 denote lower priorities. Events from high priority
+sources are always processed before events from lower priority sources.
+
+Idle functions can also be added, and assigned a priority. These will be run
+whenever no events with a higher priority are ready to be processed.
+
+The `GMainLoop` data type represents a main event loop. A GMainLoop is
+created with `g_main_loop_new()`. After adding the initial event sources,
+`g_main_loop_run()` is called. This continuously checks for new events from
+each of the event sources and dispatches them. Finally, the processing of an
+event from one of the sources leads to a call to `g_main_loop_quit()` to
+exit the main loop, and `g_main_loop_run()` returns.
+
+It is possible to create new instances of `GMainLoop` recursively.  This is
+often used in GTK applications when showing modal dialog boxes. Note that
+event sources are associated with a particular `GMainContext`, and will be
+checked and dispatched for all main loops associated with that GMainContext.
+
+Libraries may contain wrappers of some of these functions, e.g.
+`gtk_main()`, `gtk_main_quit()` and `gtk_events_pending()`.
+
+## Creating new source types
+
+One of the unusual features of the `GMainLoop` functionality is that new
+types of event source can be created and used in addition to the builtin
+type of event source. A new event source type is used for handling GDK
+events. A new source type is created by "deriving" from the `GSource`
+structure. The derived type of source is represented by a structure that has
+the `GSource` structure as a first element, and other elements specific to
+the new source type. To create an instance of the new source type, call
+`g_source_new()` passing in the size of the derived structure and a table of
+functions. These `GSourceFuncs` determine the behavior of the new source
+type.
+
+New source types basically interact with the main context in two ways. Their
+prepare function in `GSourceFuncs` can set a timeout to determine the
+maximum amount of time that the main loop will sleep before checking the
+source again. In addition, or as well, the source can add file descriptors
+to the set that the main context checks using `g_source_add_poll()`.
+
+## Customizing the main loop iteration
+
+Single iterations of a `GMainContext` can be run with
+`g_main_context_iteration()`. In some cases, more detailed control of
+exactly how the details of the main loop work is desired, for instance, when
+integrating the `GMainLoop` with an external main loop.  In such cases, you
+can call the component functions of `g_main_context_iteration()` directly.
+These functions are `g_main_context_prepare()`, `g_main_context_query()`,
+`g_main_context_check()` and `g_main_context_dispatch()`.
+
+## State of a Main Context
+
+The operation of these functions can best be seen in terms of a state
+diagram, as shown in this image.
+
+![](mainloop-states.gif)
+
+On UNIX, the GLib mainloop is incompatible with `fork()`. Any program using
+the mainloop must either `exec()` or `exit()` from the child without
+returning to the mainloop.
+
+## Memory management of sources
+
+There are two options for memory management of the user data passed to a
+`GSource` to be passed to its callback on invocation. This data is provided
+in calls to `g_timeout_add()`, `g_timeout_add_full()`, `g_idle_add()`, etc.
+and more generally, using `g_source_set_callback()`. This data is typically
+an object which ‘owns’ the timeout or idle callback, such as a widget or a
+network protocol implementation. In many cases, it is an error for the
+callback to be invoked after this owning object has been destroyed, as that
+results in use of freed memory.
+
+The first, and preferred, option is to store the source ID returned by
+functions such as `g_timeout_add()` or `g_source_attach()`, and explicitly
+remove that source from the main context using `g_source_remove()` when the
+owning object is finalized. This ensures that the callback can only be
+invoked while the object is still alive.
+
+The second option is to hold a strong reference to the object in the
+callback, and to release it in the callback’s `GDestroyNotify`. This ensures
+that the object is kept alive until after the source is finalized, which is
+guaranteed to be after it is invoked for the final time. The
+`GDestroyNotify` is another callback passed to the ‘full’ variants of
+`GSource` functions (for example, `g_timeout_add_full()`). It is called when
+the source is finalized, and is designed for releasing references like this.
+
+One important caveat of this second approach is that it will keep the object
+alive indefinitely if the main loop is stopped before the `GSource` is
+invoked, which may be undesirable.
diff --git a/glib/glib/mainloop-states.eps b/glib/glib/mainloop-states.eps
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3d159bc96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/glib/glib/mainloop-states.eps
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
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diff --git a/glib/glib/mainloop-states.fig b/glib/glib/mainloop-states.fig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6acbedb883
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+       1 1 2.00 90.00 120.00
+        4875 6075 3825 5550 3300 4500
+        0.000 -1.000 0.000
+3 2 0 2 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 1 0 3
+       1 1 2.00 90.00 120.00
+        8475 4500 8100 5400 6975 6150
+        0.000 -1.000 0.000
+3 2 0 2 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 1 0 3
+       1 1 2.00 90.00 120.00
+        7050 2400 8025 2850 8475 3825
+        0.000 -1.000 0.000
+3 2 0 2 0 7 50 0 -1 0.000 0 1 0 3
+       1 1 2.00 90.00 120.00
+        3375 3900 3900 2850 4950 2400
+        0.000 -1.000 0.000
+4 1 0 50 0 0 24 0.0000 4 315 1290 5925 6225 Initial[n]\001
+4 1 0 50 0 0 24 0.0000 4 330 1770 8100 4275 Dispatching\001
+4 1 0 50 0 0 24 0.0000 4 330 1320 3675 4350 Prepared\001
+4 1 0 50 0 0 24 0.0000 4 330 1050 5925 2550 Polling\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 18 0.0000 4 255 825 4050 3300 query()\001
+4 2 0 50 0 0 18 0.0000 4 255 855 7800 3225 check()\001
+4 1 0 50 0 0 18 0.0000 4 255 990 2475 6375 Working\001
+4 0 0 50 0 0 18 0.0000 4 255 1050 3900 5400 prepare()\001
+4 2 0 50 0 0 18 0.0000 4 255 1140 8025 5325 dispatch()\001
+4 1 0 50 0 0 18 0.0000 4 255 990 9150 2250 Working\001
diff --git a/glib/glib/mainloop-states.gif b/glib/glib/mainloop-states.gif
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ba1a8999c
Binary files /dev/null and b/glib/glib/mainloop-states.gif differ
diff --git a/glib/glib/mainloop-states.png b/glib/glib/mainloop-states.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e9fc9d9a4
Binary files /dev/null and b/glib/glib/mainloop-states.png differ
diff --git a/glib/glib/meson.build b/glib/glib/meson.build
index c9a2521283..493937b685 100644
--- a/glib/glib/meson.build
+++ b/glib/glib/meson.build
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 expand_content_files = [
   'error-reporting.md',
+  'main-loop.md',
   'reference-counting.md',
 ]
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