[vala/0.36: 178/212] manual: Update from wiki.gnome.org
- From: Rico Tzschichholz <ricotz src gnome org>
- To: commits-list gnome org
- Cc:
- Subject: [vala/0.36: 178/212] manual: Update from wiki.gnome.org
- Date: Sat, 14 Apr 2018 07:58:19 +0000 (UTC)
commit 41259d8659abb7147a93bec07b245c836e627f2b
Author: Rico Tzschichholz <ricotz ubuntu com>
Date: Thu Feb 15 09:30:10 2018 +0100
manual: Update from wiki.gnome.org
doc/manual/manual.xml | 200 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
1 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 100 deletions(-)
---
diff --git a/doc/manual/manual.xml b/doc/manual/manual.xml
index a3ef149..229a2b8 100644
--- a/doc/manual/manual.xml
+++ b/doc/manual/manual.xml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
<section>
<title>Vala Reference Manual</title>
<para>This is a draft version of the Vala Reference Manual, and so is not guaranteed to be correct. </para>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Overview</title>
@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@
<title>Memory management</title>
<para>Vala automatically uses the memory management system in GLib, which is a reference counting system.
In order for this to work, the types used must support reference counting, as is the case with all GObject
derived types and some others. </para>
<para>Memory is allocated and initialised by Vala when needed. The memory management scheme means it is
also freed when possible. There is though no garbage collector, and currently reference cycles are not
automatically broken. This can lead to memory being leaked. The main way to avoid this problem is to use
weak references - these are not counted references and so cannot prevent memory being released, at the cost
that they can be left refering to non existent data. </para>
-<para>Vala also allows use of pointers in much the same way as C. An instance of a pointer type refers
directly to an address in memory. Pointers are not references, and therefore the automatic memory management
rules do not apply in the same way. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Pointer_types";>Types/Pointer
types</ulink>. </para>
-<para>There are more details about memory management elsewhere, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#";>Types</ulink>, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#";>Concepts</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>Vala also allows use of pointers in much the same way as C. An instance of a pointer type refers
directly to an address in memory. Pointers are not references, and therefore the automatic memory management
rules do not apply in the same way. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Pointer_types";>Types/Pointer
types</ulink>. </para>
+<para>There are more details about memory management elsewhere, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#";>Types</ulink>, see
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#";>Concepts</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
<para>The entry point can be implicit, in the sense that you can write the main code block directly in the
file outside the <code>main</code> function. </para>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Concepts</title>
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
<section>
<title>Variables, fields and parameters</title>
-<para>Any piece of data in a Vala application is considered an instance of a data type. There are various
different categories of data types, some being built into Vala, and others being user defined. Details about
types are described elsewhere in this documentation, in particular see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#";>Types</ulink>. </para>
+<para>Any piece of data in a Vala application is considered an instance of a data type. There are various
different categories of data types, some being built into Vala, and others being user defined. Details about
types are described elsewhere in this documentation, in particular see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#";>Types</ulink>. </para>
<para>Instances of these types are created in various different ways, depending on the type. For example,
fundamental types are instantiated with literal expressions, and classed types with the new operator. </para>
<para>In order to access data, the instance must be identifiable in some way, such as by a name. In Vala,
there are broadly three ways that this is done, with similar but not identical semantics. </para>
<para>(All these subsections refer to ownership, so it may be useful to read the section on <link
linkend="References_and_ownership">Concepts/References and ownership</link> in conjunction with this section)
</para>
@@ -119,11 +119,11 @@
<para>Within executable code in a method, an instance may be assigned to a variable. A variable has a name
and is declared to refer to an instance of a particular data type. A typical variable declaration would be:
</para><programlisting format="linespecific" language="highlight" linenumbering="numbered"
startinglinenumber="1"><token><![CDATA[int]]></token><![CDATA[
]]><methodname><![CDATA[a]]></methodname><![CDATA[;]]>
</programlisting>
<para>This declaration defines that "a" should become an expression that evaluates to an instance
of the int type. The actual value of this expression will depend on which int instance is assigned to the
variable. "a" can be assigned to more than once, with the most recent assigment being the only one
considered when "a" is evaluated. Assignment to the variable is achieved via an assignment
expression. Generally, the semantics of an assignment expression depends on the type of the variable. </para>
-<para>A variable can take ownership of an instance, the precise meaning of which depends on the data type.
In the context of reference types, it is possible to declare that a variable should not ever take ownership
of an instance, this is done with the <code>unowned</code> keyword. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Reference_types";>Types/Reference
types</ulink>. </para>
+<para>A variable can take ownership of an instance, the precise meaning of which depends on the data type.
In the context of reference types, it is possible to declare that a variable should not ever take ownership
of an instance, this is done with the <code>unowned</code> keyword. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Reference_types";>Types/Reference
types</ulink>. </para>
<para>If a type is directly instantiated in a variable declaration statement, then the variable will be
created owning that new instance, for example: </para><programlisting format="linespecific"
language="highlight" linenumbering="numbered"
startinglinenumber="1"><token><![CDATA[string]]></token><![CDATA[
]]><methodname><![CDATA[s]]></methodname><![CDATA[ =
]]><phrase><![CDATA["]]></phrase><phrase><![CDATA[stringvalue]]></phrase><phrase><![CDATA["]]></phrase><![CDATA[;]]>
</programlisting>
<para>A variable ceases to exist when its scope is destroyed, that is when the code block it is defined in
finishes. After this, the name can no longer be used to access the instance, and no new assignment to the
variable is allowed. What happens to the instance itself is dependent on the type. </para>
-<para>For more details of the concepts in this section, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Statements#Variable_declaration";>Statements/Variable
declaration</ulink> and <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Assignment_operations";>Expressions/Assignment
operations</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For more details of the concepts in this section, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Statements#Variable_declaration";>Statements/Variable
declaration</ulink> and <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Assignment_operations";>Expressions/Assignment
operations</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -132,14 +132,14 @@
<para>A field is valid as long as its scope still exists - for non-instance fields, this is the entire life
of the application; for instance fields, this is the lifetime of the instance. </para>
<para>Like variables, fields can take ownership of instances, and it is again possible to avoid this with
the <code>unowned</code> keyword. </para>
<para>If a type is directly instantiated in the declaration of the field, then that field will be created
owning that new instance. </para>
-<para>For more details about fields, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Namespaces#";>Namespaces</ulink>,
<ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>
and <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For more details about fields, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Namespaces#";>Namespaces</ulink>,
<ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>
and <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Parameters</title>
<para>Instances passed to methods are accessible within that method with names given in the method's
parameter list. </para>
<para>They act like variables, except that they cannot, by default, take ownership of the first instance
that is assigned to them, i.e. the instance passed to the method. This behaviour can be changed using
explicit ownership transfer. When reassigning to a parameter, the result depends on the parameter direction.
Assuming the parameter has no direction modifier, it will subsequently act exactly as a variable. </para>
-<para>For more details of methods and parameters, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink> and
<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Ownership_transfer_expressions";>Expressions/Ownership
transfer expressions</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For more details of methods and parameters, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink> and
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Ownership_transfer_expressions";>Expressions/Ownership
transfer expressions</ulink>. </para>
</section>
</section>
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@
<para>Named scopes can be created directly with declarations like namespaces. These are always in existence
when the program is running, and can be referred to by their name. </para></listitem><listitem>
<para>Transient scopes are created automatically as the program executes. Every time a new code block is
entered, a new scope is created. For example, a new scope is created when a method is invoked. There is no
way to refer to this type of scope from outside. </para></listitem><listitem>
<para>Instance scopes are created when a data type is instantiated, for example when a new instance of a
classed type is created. These scopes can be accessed via identifiers defined in other scopes, e.g. a
variable to which the new instance is assigned. </para></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>To refer to an identifier in another scope, you must generally qualify the name. For named scopes,
the scope name is used; for instance scopes, any identifier to which the instance is assigned can be used.
See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Member_access";>Expressions/Member
access</ulink> for the syntax of accessing other scopes. </para>
+<para>To refer to an identifier in another scope, you must generally qualify the name. For named scopes,
the scope name is used; for instance scopes, any identifier to which the instance is assigned can be used.
See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Member_access";>Expressions/Member
access</ulink> for the syntax of accessing other scopes. </para>
<para>Scopes have parent scopes. If an identifier is not recognised in the current scope, the parent scope
is searched. This continues up to the the global scope. The parent scope of any scope is inferred from its
position in the program - the parent scope can easily be identified as it is the scope the current
declaration is in. </para>
-<para>For example, a namespace method creates a transient scope when it is invoked - the parent of this
scope if the namespace which contains the definition of the method. There are slightly different rules
applied when instances are involved, as are described at <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_scope";>Classes/Class
scope</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For example, a namespace method creates a transient scope when it is invoked - the parent of this
scope if the namespace which contains the definition of the method. There are slightly different rules
applied when instances are involved, as are described at <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_scope";>Classes/Class
scope</ulink>. </para>
<para>The ultimate parent of all other scopes is the global scope. The scope contains the fundamental data
types, e.g. int, float, string. If a program has a declaration outside of any other, it is placed in this
scope. </para>
<section>
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
<para>For names in the same scope as the current definition, just the name should be used.
</para></listitem><listitem>
<para>For names in scopes of which the current is parent, qualify with just the names of scopes that the
current definition is not nested within. </para></listitem><listitem>
<para>For names in other scopes entirely, or that are less deeply nested than the current, use the fully
qualified name (starting from the global scope.) </para></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>There are some intricacies of scopes described elsewhere in this documentation. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink> for how
scopes are managed for inherited classes. </para>
+<para>There are some intricacies of scopes described elsewhere in this documentation. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink> for
how scopes are managed for inherited classes. </para>
<para>Vala will lookup names assuming first that they are not fully qualified. If a fully qualified name
can be partially matched locally, or in a parent scope that is not the global scope, the compilation will
fail. To avoid problems with this, do not reuse names from the global scope in other scopes. </para>
<para>There is one special scope qualifier that can be used to avoid the problem described in the previous
paragraph. Prefixing an identifier with <code>global::</code> will instruct the compiler to only attempt to
find the identifier in the global scope, skipping all earlier searching. </para>
</section>
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@
<section>
<title>Object oriented programming</title>
<para>Vala is primarily an object oriented language. This documentation isn't going to describe object
oriented programming in detail, but in order for other sections to make sense, some things need to be
explained. </para>
-<para>A class in Vala is a definition of a potentially polymorphic type. A polymorphic type is one which can
be viewed as more than one type. The basic method for this is inheritance, whereby one type can be defined
as a specialized version of another. An instance of a subtype, descended from a particular supertype, has
all the properties of the supertype, and can be used wherever an instance of the supertype is expected. This
sort of relationship is described as a "subtype instance is-a supertype instance." See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>. </para>
-<para>Vala provides inheritance functionality to any type of class (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class";>Classes/Types
of class</ulink>). Given the following definition, every SubType instance is-a SuperType instance:
</para><programlisting format="linespecific" language="highlight" linenumbering="numbered"
startinglinenumber="1"><token><![CDATA[class]]></token><![CDATA[
]]><methodname><![CDATA[SuperType]]></methodname><![CDATA[ {]]>
+<para>A class in Vala is a definition of a potentially polymorphic type. A polymorphic type is one which can
be viewed as more than one type. The basic method for this is inheritance, whereby one type can be defined
as a specialized version of another. An instance of a subtype, descended from a particular supertype, has
all the properties of the supertype, and can be used wherever an instance of the supertype is expected. This
sort of relationship is described as a "subtype instance is-a supertype instance." See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>Vala provides inheritance functionality to any type of class (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class";>Classes/Types
of class</ulink>). Given the following definition, every SubType instance is-a SuperType instance:
</para><programlisting format="linespecific" language="highlight" linenumbering="numbered"
startinglinenumber="1"><token><![CDATA[class]]></token><![CDATA[
]]><methodname><![CDATA[SuperType]]></methodname><![CDATA[ {]]>
<![CDATA[ ]]><token><![CDATA[public]]></token><![CDATA[ ]]><token><![CDATA[int]]></token><![CDATA[
]]><methodname><![CDATA[act]]></methodname><![CDATA[() {]]>
<![CDATA[ ]]><token><![CDATA[return]]></token><![CDATA[ 1;]]>
<![CDATA[ }]]>
@@ -190,8 +190,8 @@
<methodname><![CDATA[sub]]></methodname><![CDATA[.]]><methodname><![CDATA[act]]></methodname><![CDATA[();]]>
<methodname><![CDATA[super]]></methodname><![CDATA[.]]><methodname><![CDATA[act]]></methodname><![CDATA[();]]>
</programlisting>
-<para>Here, when sub.act() is called, the method invoked will be SubType's "act" method. The call
super.act() will call SuperType's "act". If the act method were virtual, the SubType.act method
would have been called on both occasions. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_methods";>Classes/Class
methods</ulink> for how to declare virtual methods. </para>
-<para>Interfaces are a variety of non-instantiatable type. This means that it is not possible to create an
instance of the type. Instead, interfaces are implemented by other types. Instances of these other types
may then be used as though they were instances of the interface in question. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Interfaces#";>Interfaces</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>Here, when sub.act() is called, the method invoked will be SubType's "act" method. The call
super.act() will call SuperType's "act". If the act method were virtual, the SubType.act method
would have been called on both occasions. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_methods";>Classes/Class
methods</ulink> for how to declare virtual methods. </para>
+<para>Interfaces are a variety of non-instantiatable type. This means that it is not possible to create an
instance of the type. Instead, interfaces are implemented by other types. Instances of these other types
may then be used as though they were instances of the interface in question. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Interfaces#";>Interfaces</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@
<section>
<title>Value types</title>
-<para>When dealing with instances of value types (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#";>Types</ulink>) knowledge
of ownership is rarely important. This is because the instance is copied whenever it is assigned to a new
identifier. This will cause each identifier to become owner of a unique instance - that instance will then
be deallocated when the identifier ceases to be valid. </para>
-<para>There is one exception to this rule: when a struct type instance is passed to a method, Vala will, by
default, create the method parameter as a reference to the instance instead of copying the instance. This
reference is a weak reference, as described in the following section. If the struct should instead be
copied, and the parameter created as a standard value type identifier, the ownership transfer operator should
be used (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Ownership_transfer_expressions";>Expressions/Ownership
transfer expressions</ulink>). </para>
+<para>When dealing with instances of value types (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#";>Types</ulink>) knowledge
of ownership is rarely important. This is because the instance is copied whenever it is assigned to a new
identifier. This will cause each identifier to become owner of a unique instance - that instance will then
be deallocated when the identifier ceases to be valid. </para>
+<para>There is one exception to this rule: when a struct type instance is passed to a method, Vala will, by
default, create the method parameter as a reference to the instance instead of copying the instance. This
reference is a weak reference, as described in the following section. If the struct should instead be
copied, and the parameter created as a standard value type identifier, the ownership transfer operator should
be used (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Ownership_transfer_expressions";>Expressions/Ownership
transfer expressions</ulink>). </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -210,16 +210,16 @@
<para>With reference types, it is possible for several identifiers to reference the same data instance. Not
all identifiers that refer to reference type instance are capable of owning the instance, for reasons that
will be explained. It is therefore often required to think about instance ownership when writing Vala code.
</para>
<para>Most reference types support reference counting. This means that the instance internally maintains a
count of how many references to it currently exist. This count is used to decide whether the instance is
still in use, or if its memory can be deallocated. Each reference that is counted in this way is therefore a
potential owner of the instance, as it ensures the instance continues to exist. There are situations when
this is not desired, and so it is possible to define a field or variable as "weak". In this case
the reference is not counted, and so the fact that the reference exists will not stop the instance being
possibly deallocated, i.e. this sort of reference cannot take ownership of the instance. </para>
<para>When using reference counted types, the main use for weak references is to prevent reference cycles.
These exist when a data instance contains internally a reference to another instance, which in turn contains
a reference to the first. In this case it would not be possible to deallocate the instances, as each would
be potentially owning the other. By ensuring that one of the references is weak, one of the instances can
become unowned and be deallocated, and in the process the other will be dereferenced, and potentially become
unowned and be deallocated also. </para>
-<para>It is also possible to have reference types which are not reference counted; an example of this is the
fundamental string type, others are compact classed types. If Vala were to allow several references to own
such instances, it would not be able to keep track of when they all ceased to exist, and therefore would not
be able to know when to deallocate the instance. Instead, exactly one or zero identifiers will own the
instance - when it is zero, the instance is deallocated. This means that all references to an already owned
instance must either be weak references, or ownership must be specifically passed to the new reference, using
the ownership transfer operator (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Ownership_transfer_expressions";>Expressions/Ownership
transfer expressions</ulink>). </para>
+<para>It is also possible to have reference types which are not reference counted; an example of this is the
fundamental string type, others are compact classed types. If Vala were to allow several references to own
such instances, it would not be able to keep track of when they all ceased to exist, and therefore would not
be able to know when to deallocate the instance. Instead, exactly one or zero identifiers will own the
instance - when it is zero, the instance is deallocated. This means that all references to an already owned
instance must either be weak references, or ownership must be specifically passed to the new reference, using
the ownership transfer operator (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Ownership_transfer_expressions";>Expressions/Ownership
transfer expressions</ulink>). </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Pointer types</title>
-<para>Pointer types are of great importance. Pointer types are value types, whose instances are references
to some other data instance. They are therefore not actual references, and will never own the instance that
they indirectly refer to. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Pointer_types";>Types/Pointer
types</ulink>. </para>
+<para>Pointer types are of great importance. Pointer types are value types, whose instances are references
to some other data instance. They are therefore not actual references, and will never own the instance that
they indirectly refer to. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Pointer_types";>Types/Pointer
types</ulink>. </para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Types</title>
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@
<section>
<title>Struct types</title>
-<para>A struct type is one that provides just a data structure and some methods that act upon it. Structs
are not polymorphic, and cannot have advanced features such as signals or properties. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink> for
documentation on how to define structs and more details about them. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Struct_instantiation";>Expressions/Struct
instantiation</ulink> for how to instantiate structs. </para>
+<para>A struct type is one that provides just a data structure and some methods that act upon it. Structs
are not polymorphic, and cannot have advanced features such as signals or properties. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink> for
documentation on how to define structs and more details about them. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Struct_instantiation";>Expressions/Struct
instantiation</ulink> for how to instantiate structs. </para>
<para>Each variable or field to which a struct stype instance is assigned gains a copy of the data, over
which it has ownership. However, when a struct type instance is passed to a method, a copy is not made.
Instead a reference to the instance is passed. This behaviour can be changed by declaring the struct to be a
simple type. </para>
</section>
@@ -292,26 +292,26 @@
<title>Integral types</title>
<para>Integral types can contain only integers. They are either signed or unsigned, each of which is
considered a different type, though it is possible to cast between them when needed. </para>
<para>Some types define exactly how many bits of storage are used to represent the integer, others depend of
the environment. long, int short map to C data types and therefore depend on the machine architecture. char
is 1 byte. unichar is 4 bytes, i.e. large enough to store any UTF-8 character. </para>
-<para>All these types can be instantiated using a literal expression, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>. </para>
+<para>All these types can be instantiated using a literal expression, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Floating point types</title>
<para>Floating point types contain real floating point numbers in a fixed number of bits (see IEEE 754).
</para>
-<para>All these types can be instantiated using a literal expression, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>. </para>
+<para>All these types can be instantiated using a literal expression, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>The bool type</title>
<para>Can have values of true of false. Although there are only two values that a bool instance can take,
this is not an enumerated type. Each instance is unique and will be copied when required, the same as for the
other fundamental value types. </para>
-<para>This type can be instantiated using literal expressions, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>. </para>
+<para>This type can be instantiated using literal expressions, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Enumerated types</title>
<para>An enumerated type is one in which all possible values that instances of the type can hold are
declared with the type. In Vala enumerated types are real types, and will not be implicitly converted. It
is possible to explicitly cast between enumerated types, but this is not generally advisable. When writing
new code in Vala, don't rely on being able to cast in this way. </para>
<para>A variation on an enumerated type is a flag type. This represents a set of flags, any number of which
can be combined in one instance of the flag type, in the same fashion as a bitfield in C. </para>
-<para>See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#";>Enumerated
types (Enums)</ulink> for documentation on defining and using enumerated types. </para>
+<para>See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#";>Enumerated
types (Enums)</ulink> for documentation on defining and using enumerated types. </para>
</section>
</section>
@@ -353,41 +353,41 @@
<section>
<title>Classed types</title>
-<para>A class definition introduces a new reference type - this is the most common way of creating a new
type in Vala. Classes are a very powerful mechanism, as they have features such as polymorphism and
inheritance. Full discussion of classes is found at <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>. </para>
-<para>Most classed types in Vala are reference counted. This means that every time a classed type instance
is assigned to a variable or field, not only is the reference copied, but the instance also records that
another reference to it has been created. When a field or variable goes out of scope, the fact that a
reference to the instance has been removed is also recorded. This means that a classed type instance can be
automatically removed from memory when it is no longer needed. The only classed types that are not reference
counted are compact classes.. Memory management is discussed at <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Overview#Memory_management";>Overview/Memory
management</ulink>. If the instance is not of a reference counted type, then the ownership must be
explicitly transferred using the # operator - this will cause the original variable to become invalid. When
a classed-type instance is passed to a method, the sa
me rules apply. The types of classes available are discussed at <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class";>Classes/Types
of class</ulink>. </para>
+<para>A class definition introduces a new reference type - this is the most common way of creating a new
type in Vala. Classes are a very powerful mechanism, as they have features such as polymorphism and
inheritance. Full discussion of classes is found at <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>Most classed types in Vala are reference counted. This means that every time a classed type instance
is assigned to a variable or field, not only is the reference copied, but the instance also records that
another reference to it has been created. When a field or variable goes out of scope, the fact that a
reference to the instance has been removed is also recorded. This means that a classed type instance can be
automatically removed from memory when it is no longer needed. The only classed types that are not reference
counted are compact classes.. Memory management is discussed at <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Overview#Memory_management";>Overview/Memory
management</ulink>. If the instance is not of a reference counted type, then the ownership must be
explicitly transferred using the # operator - this will cause the original variable to become invalid. When
a classed-type instance is passed to a method, the s
ame rules apply. The types of classes available are discussed at <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class";>Classes/Types
of class</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Array types</title>
<para>TODO: Check correctness. </para>
<para>An array is a data structure that can contains zero or more elements of the same type, up to a limit
defined by the type. An array may have multiple dimensions; for each possible set of dimensions a new type
is implied, but there is a meta type available that describes an array of any size with the same number of
dimensions, i.e. int[1] is not the same type as int[2], while int[] is the same type as either. </para>
-<para>See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Array_instantiation";>Expressions/Array
instantiation</ulink> for how to instantiate an array type. </para>
+<para>See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Array_instantiation";>Expressions/Array
instantiation</ulink> for how to instantiate an array type. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Delegate types</title>
<para>A delegate is a data structure that refers to a method. A method executes in a given scope which is
also stored, meaning that for instance methods a delegate will contain also a reference to the instance.
</para>
<para>Delegates are technically a referenced type, but since methods are immutable, this distinction is less
important than for other types. Assigning a delegate to a variable or field cannot copy the method
indicated, and no delegate is able to change the method in any way. </para>
-<para>See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink> for
full documentation. </para>
+<para>See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>
for full documentation. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Error Types</title>
-<para>Instances of error types represent recoverable runtime errors. All errors are described using error
domains, a type of enumerated value, but errors themselves are not enumerated types. Errors are discussed in
detail in several sections of this documentation, see: <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#";>Errors</ulink>, <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#Error_domains";>Enumerated
types (Enums)/Error domains</ulink> and <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>. </para>
+<para>Instances of error types represent recoverable runtime errors. All errors are described using error
domains, a type of enumerated value, but errors themselves are not enumerated types. Errors are discussed in
detail in several sections of this documentation, see: <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#";>Errors</ulink>, <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#Error_domains";>Enumerated
types (Enums)/Error domains</ulink> and <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Strings</title>
-<para>Vala has built in support for Unicode strings, via the fundamental string type. This is the only
fundamental type that is a reference type. Like other fundamental types, it can be instantiated with a
literal expression (<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>.) Strings are UTF-8 encoded, the same as Vala source files, which means that they
cannot be accessed like character arrays in C - each Unicode character is not guaranteed to be stored in just
one byte. Instead the string fundamental struct type (which all strings are instances of) provides access
methods along with other tools. </para>
+<para>Vala has built in support for Unicode strings, via the fundamental string type. This is the only
fundamental type that is a reference type. Like other fundamental types, it can be instantiated with a
literal expression (<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Literal_expressions";>Expressions/Literal
expressions</ulink>.) Strings are UTF-8 encoded, the same as Vala source files, which means that they
cannot be accessed like character arrays in C - each Unicode character is not guaranteed to be stored in just
one byte. Instead the string fundamental struct type (which all strings are instances of) provides access
methods along with other tools. </para>
<para>While strings are technically a reference type, they have the same default copy semantics as structs -
the data is copied whenever a string value is assigned to a variable or field, but only a reference is passed
as a parameter to a method. This is required because strings are not reference counted, and so the only way
for a variable or field to be able to take ownership of a string is by being assigned a copy of the string.
To avoid this behaviour, string values can be assigned to weak references (in such a case no copy is made).
</para>
-<para>The concept of ownership is very important in understanding string semantics. For more details see
<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#References_and_ownership";>Concepts/References
and ownership</ulink>. </para>
+<para>The concept of ownership is very important in understanding string semantics. For more details see
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#References_and_ownership";>Concepts/References
and ownership</ulink>. </para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Parameterised types</title>
<para>TODO: Casting. </para>
-<para>Vala allows definitions of types that can be customised at runtime with type parameters. For example,
a list can be defined so that it can be instantiated as a list of ints, a list of Objects, etc. This is
achieved using generic declarations. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Generics#";>Generics</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>Vala allows definitions of types that can be customised at runtime with type parameters. For example,
a list can be defined so that it can be instantiated as a list of ints, a list of Objects, etc. This is
achieved using generic declarations. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Generics#";>Generics</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -399,19 +399,19 @@
<section>
<title>Pointer types</title>
<para>The name of a type can be used to implicitly create a pointer type related to that type. The value of
a variable declared as being of type T* represents the memory address of an instance of type T. The instance
is never made aware that its address has been recorded, and so cannot record the fact that it is referred to
in this way. </para>
-<para>Instances of any type can be assigned to a variable that is declared to be a pointer to an instance of
that type. For referenced types, direct assignment is allowed in either direction. For value types the
pointer-to operator "&" is required to assign to a pointer, and the pointer-indirection
operator "*" is used to access the instance pointed to. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Pointer_expressions";>Expressions/Pointer
expressions</ulink>. </para>
-<para>The <code>void*</code> type represents a pointer to an unknown type. As the referent type is unknown,
the indirection operator cannot be applied to a pointer of type <code>void*</code>, nor can any arithmetic be
performed on such a pointer. However, a pointer of type <code>void*</code> can be cast to any other pointer
type (and vice-versa) and compared to values of other pointer types. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Type_operations";>Expressions/Type
operations</ulink>. </para>
+<para>Instances of any type can be assigned to a variable that is declared to be a pointer to an instance of
that type. For referenced types, direct assignment is allowed in either direction. For value types the
pointer-to operator "&" is required to assign to a pointer, and the pointer-indirection
operator "*" is used to access the instance pointed to. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Pointer_expressions";>Expressions/Pointer
expressions</ulink>. </para>
+<para>The <code>void*</code> type represents a pointer to an unknown type. As the referent type is unknown,
the indirection operator cannot be applied to a pointer of type <code>void*</code>, nor can any arithmetic be
performed on such a pointer. However, a pointer of type <code>void*</code> can be cast to any other pointer
type (and vice-versa) and compared to values of other pointer types. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Type_operations";>Expressions/Type
operations</ulink>. </para>
<para>A pointer type itself has value type semantics. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Type conversions</title>
-<para>There are two types if type conversions possible in Vala, implicit conversions and explicit casts. In
expressions, Vala will often convert fundamental types in order to make calculations possible. When the
default conversion is not what you require, you can cast explicitly so that all operands are of compatible
types. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#";>Expressions</ulink>
for details of automatic conversions. </para>
-<para>Vala will also automatically perform conversions related to polymorphism where the required cast is
unambiguous and can be inferred from the context. This allows you to use a classed-type instance when an
instance of any of its superclasses or implemented interfaces is required. Vala will never automatically
cast to a subtype, as this must be done explicitly. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Object_oriented_programming";>Concepts/Object
oriented programming</ulink>, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>. </para>
-<para>For explicit casting expressions, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Type_operations";>Expressions/Type
operations</ulink>. </para>
+<para>There are two types if type conversions possible in Vala, implicit conversions and explicit casts. In
expressions, Vala will often convert fundamental types in order to make calculations possible. When the
default conversion is not what you require, you can cast explicitly so that all operands are of compatible
types. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#";>Expressions</ulink>
for details of automatic conversions. </para>
+<para>Vala will also automatically perform conversions related to polymorphism where the required cast is
unambiguous and can be inferred from the context. This allows you to use a classed-type instance when an
instance of any of its superclasses or implemented interfaces is required. Vala will never automatically
cast to a subtype, as this must be done explicitly. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Object_oriented_programming";>Concepts/Object
oriented programming</ulink>, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>For explicit casting expressions, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Type_operations";>Expressions/Type
operations</ulink>. </para>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Expressions</title>
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@
<para>Floating point types... -?[:digit:]+(.[:digit:]+)? </para>
<para>Strings... "[^"\n]*". """.*""" </para>
<para>Booleans... true|false </para>
-<para>A final literal expression is <code>null</code>. This expression evaluates to a non-typed data
instance, which is a legal value for any nullable type (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Nullable_types";>Types/Nullable
types</ulink>.) </para>
+<para>A final literal expression is <code>null</code>. This expression evaluates to a non-typed data
instance, which is a legal value for any nullable type (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Nullable_types";>Types/Nullable
types</ulink>.) </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -617,8 +617,8 @@
<para>If the parameter has a default value, then that value will be used as argument.
</para></listitem><listitem>
<para>Otherwise an error occurs. </para></listitem></orderedlist>
<para>If the callable has an ellipsis parameter, then any number of arguments of any type can be provided
past the ellipsis. </para>
-<para>Delegates... See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>
</para>
-<para>Firing a signal is basically the same. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Signals";>Classes/Signals</ulink>
</para>
+<para>Delegates... See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>
</para>
+<para>Firing a signal is basically the same. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Signals";>Classes/Signals</ulink>
</para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -715,8 +715,8 @@
<title>Ownership transfer expressions</title><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>ownership-transfer-expression:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">(owned)</emphasis>
unary-expression</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>When an instance of a reference type is assigned to a variable or field, it is possible to request
that the ownership of the instance is passed to the new field or variable. The precise meaning of this
depends on the reference type, for an explanation of ownership, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#References_and_ownership";>Concepts/References
and ownership</ulink>. The identifier in this expression must refer to an instance of a reference type.
</para>
-<para>Note that similar syntax is used to define that a method parameter should take ownership of a value
assigned to it. For this, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>. </para>
+<para>When an instance of a reference type is assigned to a variable or field, it is possible to request
that the ownership of the instance is passed to the new field or variable. The precise meaning of this
depends on the reference type, for an explanation of ownership, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#References_and_ownership";>Concepts/References
and ownership</ulink>. The identifier in this expression must refer to an instance of a reference type.
</para>
+<para>Note that similar syntax is used to define that a method parameter should take ownership of a value
assigned to it. For this, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@
<para>This expression evaluates to the value of the member identified by the identifier. The inner
expression must be a valid pointer type and the member must be in the scope of the base type of the pointer
type. </para>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Statements</title>
@@ -792,7 +792,7 @@
<para><emphasis role="strong">{</emphasis> [ statement-list ] <emphasis
role="strong">}</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> statement-list:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>statement [ statement-list ]</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>Blocks create anonymous, transient scopes. For more details about scopes, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>. </para>
+<para>Blocks create anonymous, transient scopes. For more details about scopes, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -808,7 +808,7 @@
<para>type-name identifier <emphasis role="strong">=</emphasis> expression <emphasis
role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> variable-declaration-with-type-inference:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>var identifier <emphasis role="strong">=</emphasis> expression <emphasis
role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>Type inference is possible in any case where the variable is immediately assigned to. The type chosen
will always be the type of the assigned expression, as decided by the rules described at <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#";>Expressions</ulink>.
It is important to realise that the type of the variable will be fixed after the first assignment, and will
not change on assigning another value to the variable. If the variable should be created with a type other
than that of the assigned expression, the expression should be wrapped with a cast expression, provided that
the cast is valid. </para>
+<para>Type inference is possible in any case where the variable is immediately assigned to. The type chosen
will always be the type of the assigned expression, as decided by the rules described at <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#";>Expressions</ulink>.
It is important to realise that the type of the variable will be fixed after the first assignment, and will
not change on assigning another value to the variable. If the variable should be created with a type other
than that of the assigned expression, the expression should be wrapped with a cast expression, provided that
the cast is valid. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@
<section>
<title>Jump Statements</title>
-<para>Jump statements move execution to an arbitary point, dependent on the type of statement and its
location. In any of these cases any transient scopes are ended appropriately: <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink> and <link linkend="Simple_Statements">Statements/Simple statements</link>. </para>
+<para>Jump statements move execution to an arbitary point, dependent on the type of statement and its
location. In any of these cases any transient scopes are ended appropriately: <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink> and <link linkend="Simple_Statements">Statements/Simple statements</link>. </para>
<para>A <code>break</code> statement moves execution to the first statement after the nearest enclosing
<code>while</code>, <code>do</code>, <code>for</code>, or <code>foreach</code> statement.
</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>break-statement:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">break</emphasis> <emphasis
role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@
<section>
<title>Try Statement</title>
<para>The <code>try</code> statement provides a mechanism for catching exceptions that occur during
execution of a block. Furthermore, the <code>try</code> statement provides the ability to specify a block of
code that is always executed when control leaves the <code>try</code> statement. </para>
-<para>For the syntax of the try statement, See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#Error_catching";>Errors/Error
catching</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For the syntax of the try statement, See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#Error_catching";>Errors/Error
catching</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -914,11 +914,11 @@
<para><emphasis role="strong">lock</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> identifier <emphasis
role="strong">)</emphasis> embedded-statement</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Namespaces</title>
-<para>Namespaces are named scopes (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>). Definitions in different namespaces can use the same names without causing conflicts.
A namespace can be declared across any number of Vala source files, and there can be multiple namespaces
defined in a single Vala source file. Namespaces can be nested to any depth. </para>
+<para>Namespaces are named scopes (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>). Definitions in different namespaces can use the same names without causing conflicts.
A namespace can be declared across any number of Vala source files, and there can be multiple namespaces
defined in a single Vala source file. Namespaces can be nested to any depth. </para>
<para>When code needs to access definitions from other namespaces, it must either refer to them using a
fully qualified name, or be written in a file with an appropriate using statement. </para>
<para>The simplest namespace declaration looks like this: </para><programlisting format="linespecific"
language="highlight" linenumbering="numbered"
startinglinenumber="1"><token><![CDATA[namespace]]></token><![CDATA[
]]><methodname><![CDATA[NameSpaceName]]></methodname><![CDATA[ {]]>
<![CDATA[}]]>
@@ -968,7 +968,7 @@
<para>access-modifier:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">public</emphasis></para>
<para> <emphasis role="strong">private</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>For the types of namespace members that are not described on this page: see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>, <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink>, <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>,
<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#";>Enumerated
types (Enums)</ulink>, and <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#Error_domains";>Enumerated
types (Enums)/Error domains</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For the types of namespace members that are not described on this page: see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>,
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink>,
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>,
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#";>Enumerated
types (Enums)</ulink>, and <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#Error_domains";>Enumerated
types (Enums)/Error domains</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@
<para>[ access-modifier ] qualified-type-name field-name [ <emphasis role="strong">=</emphasis> expression ]
;</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> field-name:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>identifier</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>Fields in general are described at <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Variables,_fields_and_parameters";>Concepts/Variables,
fields and parameters</ulink>. </para>
+<para>Fields in general are described at <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Variables,_fields_and_parameters";>Concepts/Variables,
fields and parameters</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@
<section>
<title>The "using" statement</title>
-<para><code>using</code> statements can be used to avoid having to qualify names fully on a file-by-file
basis. For all identifiers in the same file as the using statement, Vala will first try to resolve them
following the usual rules (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>). If the identifier cannot be resolved in any scope, each namespace that is referenced
in a <code>using</code> will be searched in turn. </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
+<para><code>using</code> statements can be used to avoid having to qualify names fully on a file-by-file
basis. For all identifiers in the same file as the using statement, Vala will first try to resolve them
following the usual rules (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>). If the identifier cannot be resolved in any scope, each namespace that is referenced
in a <code>using</code> will be searched in turn. </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>using-statement:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">using</emphasis> namespace-list <emphasis
role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> namespace-list:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
@@ -1003,19 +1003,19 @@
<para>TODO: Include examples. </para>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Methods</title>
<para>TODO: Do we really need this discussion? Are we introducing Vala, or general programming? </para>
<para>A method is an executable statement block that can be identified in one or more ways (i.e. by a name,
or any number of delegate instances). A method can be invoked with an optional number of parameters, and may
return a value. When invoked, the method's body will be executed with the parameters set to the values given
by the invoker. The body is run in sequence until the end is reached, or a return statement is encountered,
resulting in a return of control (and possibly some value, in the case of a return) to the invoker. </para>
-<para>There are various contexts that may contain method declarations (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Namespaces#";>Namespaces</ulink>,
<ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>,
<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Interfaces#";>Interfaces</ulink>,
<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink>). A
method is always declared inside one of these other declarations, and that declaration will mark the parent
scope that the method will be executed within. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>. </para>
-<para>The <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink> section
of this documentation talks about both methods and abstract methods. It should be noted that the latter are
not truly methods, as they cannot be invoked. Instead, they provide a mechanism for declaring how other
methods should be defined. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink> for a
description of abstract methods and how they are used. </para>
-<para>The syntax for invoking a method is described on the expressions page (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>). </para>
+<para>There are various contexts that may contain method declarations (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Namespaces#";>Namespaces</ulink>,
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>,
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Interfaces#";>Interfaces</ulink>,
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Structs#";>Structs</ulink>). A
method is always declared inside one of these other declarations, and that declaration will mark the parent
scope that the method will be executed within. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>. </para>
+<para>The <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>
section of this documentation talks about both methods and abstract methods. It should be noted that the
latter are not truly methods, as they cannot be invoked. Instead, they provide a mechanism for declaring how
other methods should be defined. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink> for a
description of abstract methods and how they are used. </para>
+<para>The syntax for invoking a method is described on the expressions page (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>). </para>
<section>
<title>Parameter directions</title>
-<para>The basics of method parameter semantics are described on the concepts page (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Variables,_fields_and_parameters";>Concepts/Variables,
fields and parameters</ulink>). This basic form of parameter is technically an "in" parameter,
which is used to pass data needed for the method to operate. If the parameter is of a reference type, the
method may change the fields of the type instance it receives, but assignments to the parameter itself will
not be visible to the invoking code. If the parameter is of a value type, which is not a fundamental type,
the same rules apply as for a reference type. If the parameter is of a fundamental type, then the parameter
will contain a copy of the value, and no changes made to it will be visible to the invoking code. </para>
+<para>The basics of method parameter semantics are described on the concepts page (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Variables,_fields_and_parameters";>Concepts/Variables,
fields and parameters</ulink>). This basic form of parameter is technically an "in" parameter,
which is used to pass data needed for the method to operate. If the parameter is of a reference type, the
method may change the fields of the type instance it receives, but assignments to the parameter itself will
not be visible to the invoking code. If the parameter is of a value type, which is not a fundamental type,
the same rules apply as for a reference type. If the parameter is of a fundamental type, then the parameter
will contain a copy of the value, and no changes made to it will be visible to the invoking code. </para>
<para>If the method wishes to return more than one value to the invoker, it should use "out"
parameters. Out parameters do not pass any data to the method - instead the method may assign a value to the
parameter that will be visible to the invoking code after the method has executed, stored in the variable
passed to the method. If a method is invoked passing a variable which has already been assigned to as an out
parameter, then the value of that variable will be dereferenced or freed as appropriate. If the method does
not assign a value to the parameter, then the invoker's variable will end with a value of "null".
</para>
<para>The third parameter type is a "ref" argument (equivalent to "inout" in some other
languages.) This allows the method to receive data from the invoker, and also to assign another value to the
parameter in a way that will be visible to the invoker. This functions similarly to "out"
parameters, except that if the method does not assign to the parameter, the same value is left in the
invoker's variable. </para>
</section>
@@ -1043,23 +1043,23 @@
<para>qualified-error-domain [ <emphasis role="strong">,</emphasis> error-list
]</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> method-contracts:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ <emphasis role="strong">requires</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> expression
<emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis> ] [ <emphasis role="strong">ensures</emphasis> <emphasis
role="strong">(</emphasis> expression <emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis>
]</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>For more details see <link linkend="Contract_programming">Methods/Contract programming</link>, and
<ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#";>Errors</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>For more details see <link linkend="Contract_programming">Methods/Contract programming</link>, and
<ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#";>Errors</ulink>.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Invocation</title>
-<para>See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>. </para>
+<para>See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Scope</title>
<para>The execution of a method happens in a scope created for each invocation, which ceases to exist after
execution is complete. The parent scope of this transient scope is always the scope the method was declared
in, regardless of where it is invoked from. </para>
-<para>Parameters and local variables exist in the invocation's transient scope. For more on scoping see
<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>. </para>
+<para>Parameters and local variables exist in the invocation's transient scope. For more on scoping see
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Scope_and_naming";>Concepts/Scope
and naming</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Lambdas</title>
-<para>As Vala supports delegates, it is possible to have a method that is identified by a variable (or
field, or parameter.) This section discusses a Vala syntax for defining inline methods and directly
assigning them to an identifier. This syntax does not add any new features to Vala, but it is a lot more
succinct than the alternative (defining all methods normally, in order to assign them to variables at
runtime). See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>As Vala supports delegates, it is possible to have a method that is identified by a variable (or
field, or parameter.) This section discusses a Vala syntax for defining inline methods and directly
assigning them to an identifier. This syntax does not add any new features to Vala, but it is a lot more
succinct than the alternative (defining all methods normally, in order to assign them to variables at
runtime). See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>.
</para>
<para>Declaring an inline method must be done with relation to a delegate or signal, so that the method
signature is already defined. Parameter and return types are then learned from the signature. A lambda
definition is an expression that returns an instance of a particular delegate type, and so can be assigned to
a variable declared for the same type. Each time that the lambda expression is evaluated it will return a
reference to exactly the same method, even though this is never an issue as methods are immutable in Vala.
</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>lambda-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> [ lambda-params-list ] <emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis>
<emphasis role="strong">=></emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">{</emphasis> statement-list <emphasis
role="strong">}</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist>
@@ -1092,12 +1092,12 @@
<para>TODO: write examples. </para>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Delegates</title>
<para>A delegate declaration defines a method type: a type that can be invoked, accepting a set of values of
certain types, and returning a value of a set type. In Vala, methods are not first-class objects, and as such
cannot be created dynamically; however, any method can be considered to be an instance of a delegate's type,
provided that the method signature matches that of the delegate. </para>
-<para>Methods are considered to be an immutable reference type. Any method can be referred to by name as an
expression returning a reference to that method - this can be assigned to a field (or variable, or
parameter), or else invoked directly as a standard method invocation (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>). </para>
+<para>Methods are considered to be an immutable reference type. Any method can be referred to by name as an
expression returning a reference to that method - this can be assigned to a field (or variable, or
parameter), or else invoked directly as a standard method invocation (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>). </para>
<section>
<title>Types of delegate</title>
@@ -1120,13 +1120,13 @@
<para>[ qualified-namespace-name <emphasis role="strong">.</emphasis> ]
delegate-name</para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> delegate-name:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>identifier</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>Parts of this syntax are based on the respective sections of the method decleration syntax (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink> for
details). </para>
+<para>Parts of this syntax are based on the respective sections of the method decleration syntax (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink> for
details). </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Using delegates</title>
-<para>A delegate declaration defines a type. Instances of this type can then be assigned to variables (or
fields, or paramaters) of this type. Vala does not allow creating methods at runtime, and so the values of
delegate-type instances will be references to methods known at compile time. To simplify the process,
inlined methods may be written (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#Lambdas";>Methods/Lambdas</ulink>).
</para>
-<para>To call the method referenced by a delegate-type instance, use the same notation as for calling a
method; instead of giving the method's name, give the identifier of the variable, as described in <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>. </para>
+<para>A delegate declaration defines a type. Instances of this type can then be assigned to variables (or
fields, or paramaters) of this type. Vala does not allow creating methods at runtime, and so the values of
delegate-type instances will be references to methods known at compile time. To simplify the process,
inlined methods may be written (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#Lambdas";>Methods/Lambdas</ulink>).
</para>
+<para>To call the method referenced by a delegate-type instance, use the same notation as for calling a
method; instead of giving the method's name, give the identifier of the variable, as described in <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Invocation_expressions";>Expressions/Invocation
expressions</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -1171,12 +1171,12 @@
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Errors</title>
-<para>Vala Error handling is just for recoverable runtime errors, anything that can be reasonably foreseen
should not be handled with errors, e.g. passing the wrong args to a method. In that example, a better action
is to state that the method's result is undefined on illegal input, and use method contracts or assertions to
catch potential problems during development: See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#Contract_programming";>Methods/Contract
programming</ulink>. A more suitable use for errors would be reporting missing files, which of course
cannot be detected until the program is running. </para>
-<para>A method may declare that it throws methods from any number of error domains. Error domains are
groups of related errors, each of which is denoted by a unique symbol in much the same way an enumerated
type, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#Error_domains";>Enumerated
types (Enums)/Error domains</ulink> for declaration syntax. In Vala it is not allowed to throw arbitrary
data as in C++, and there is no class for errors, as in Java. </para>
+<para>Vala Error handling is just for recoverable runtime errors, anything that can be reasonably foreseen
should not be handled with errors, e.g. passing the wrong args to a method. In that example, a better action
is to state that the method's result is undefined on illegal input, and use method contracts or assertions to
catch potential problems during development: See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#Contract_programming";>Methods/Contract
programming</ulink>. A more suitable use for errors would be reporting missing files, which of course
cannot be detected until the program is running. </para>
+<para>A method may declare that it throws methods from any number of error domains. Error domains are
groups of related errors, each of which is denoted by a unique symbol in much the same way an enumerated
type, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#Error_domains";>Enumerated
types (Enums)/Error domains</ulink> for declaration syntax. In Vala it is not allowed to throw arbitrary
data as in C++, and there is no class for errors, as in Java. </para>
<para>No error can be thrown must either be caught or declared as being thrown. </para>
<para>When a method declares it may thrown an error, the invoker may choose to either catch the error
(should one be thrown), or ignore it, meaning it will be thrown on to that methods caller. In the latter
case, the method failing to catch the error must also be declared to throw that type of error. Errors can
only be caught when the method throwing it is invoked within the try block of a try statement. A try
statement, with its associated catch blocks, can potentially catch all errors thrown in its scope, either
with catch blocks for all error domains from which a thrown error might come, or with a generic catch block
to catch any error. </para>
<para>When an error is first thrown, the "throw" statement is considered the same as a method
which from which an error has been thrown. This means that it is possible to catch errors locally, but this
is not good practise. The only proper use of this functionality is to use a finally block to free resources
before the error is thrown from the method. </para>
@@ -1256,7 +1256,7 @@
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Classes</title>
@@ -1454,7 +1454,7 @@
<para> class-method-type-modifier:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">virtual</emphasis></para>
<para> <emphasis role="strong">override</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>Methods can be virtual, as described in <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Object_oriented_programming";>Concepts/Object
oriented programming</ulink>. Methods in Vala classes are not virtual automatically, instead the
"virtual" modifier must be used when it is needed. Virtual methods will only chain up if
overridden using the override keyword. </para>
+<para>Methods can be virtual, as described in <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Object_oriented_programming";>Concepts/Object
oriented programming</ulink>. Methods in Vala classes are not virtual automatically, instead the
"virtual" modifier must be used when it is needed. Virtual methods will only chain up if
overridden using the override keyword. </para>
<para>Vala classes may also define abstract methods, by writing the declaration with the
"abstract" modifier and replacing the method body with an empty statement ";". Abstract
methods are not true methods, as they do not have an associated statement block, and so cannot be invoked.
Abstract methods can only exist in abstract classes, and must be overridden in derived classes. For this
reason an abstract method is always virtual. The purpose of an abstract method is to define methods that all
non-abstract subclasses of the current definition must implement, it is therefore always allowable to invoke
the method on an instance of the abstract class, because it is required that that instance must in fact be of
a non-abstract subclass. </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>class-instance-abstract-method-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ class-member-visibility-modifier ] <emphasis role="strong">abstract</emphasis> return-type
method-name <emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> [ params-list ] <emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis>
method-contracts [ <emphasis role="strong">throws</emphasis> exception-list ] <emphasis
role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist><note><itemizedlist><listitem
override="none">
@@ -1468,7 +1468,7 @@
<para><emphasis>Class and static properties are not yet supported in current Vala releases.</emphasis>
</para></listitem></itemizedlist></note><note><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">Note</emphasis> </para>
<para><emphasis>Fully managed properties are only available to GObject derived classes - these are
properties that can be set dynamically (by providing the property name at runtime) and can have attached
metadata, as is often used in the GTK+ and GNOME libraries. The other class types can have unmanaged
properties, which appear similar when using Vala, but are actually implemented using simple
methods.</emphasis> </para></listitem></itemizedlist></note>
-<para>Properties are an enhanced version of fields. They allow custom code to be called whenever the
property is retrieved or assigned to, but may be treated as fields by external Vala code. Properties also
function like methods to some extent, and so can be defined as virtual and overridden in subclasses. Since
they are also allowed in interfaces, they allow interfaces to declare data members that implementing classes
must expose (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Interfaces#";>Interfaces</ulink>.)
</para>
+<para>Properties are an enhanced version of fields. They allow custom code to be called whenever the
property is retrieved or assigned to, but may be treated as fields by external Vala code. Properties also
function like methods to some extent, and so can be defined as virtual and overridden in subclasses. Since
they are also allowed in interfaces, they allow interfaces to declare data members that implementing classes
must expose (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Interfaces#";>Interfaces</ulink>.)
</para>
<section>
<title>Declaration</title><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
@@ -1516,7 +1516,7 @@
<section>
<title>Notify Changes Signals</title>
-<para>Managed properties may be annotated with Notify, See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Attributes#";>Attributes</ulink>.
This will cause the class instance to emit a notify signal when the property has been assigned to. </para>
+<para>Managed properties may be annotated with Notify, See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Attributes#";>Attributes</ulink>.
This will cause the class instance to emit a notify signal when the property has been assigned to. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@
<title>Signals</title><note><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para><emphasis role="strong">Note</emphasis> </para>
<para><emphasis>Signals are only available to GObject derived classes.</emphasis>
</para></listitem></itemizedlist></note>
-<para>Signals are a system allowing a classed-type instance to emit events which can be recieved by
arbitrary listeners. Receiving these events is achieved by connecting the signal to a handler, for which
Vala has a specific syntax. Signals are integrated with the GLib <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/MainLoop#";>MainLoop</ulink> system, which provides a
system for queueing events (i.e. signal emissions,) when needed - though this capability is not needed
non-threaded applications. </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
+<para>Signals are a system allowing a classed-type instance to emit events which can be recieved by
arbitrary listeners. Receiving these events is achieved by connecting the signal to a handler, for which
Vala has a specific syntax. Signals are integrated with the GLib <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/MainLoop#";>MainLoop</ulink> system, which provides a
system for queueing events (i.e. signal emissions,) when needed - though this capability is not needed
non-threaded applications. </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>class-instance-signal-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ class-member-visibility-modifier ] [ class-method-type-modifier ] <emphasis
role="strong">signal</emphasis> return-type signal-name <emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> [ params-list ]
<emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis> <emphasis role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> signal-name:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
@@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@
<para> qualified-method-name</para>
<para> lambda-expression</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para>This expression will request that the signal handler given be invoked whenever the signal is emitted.
In order for such a connection expression to be legal, the handler must have the correct signature. The
handler should be defined to accept as parameters the same types as the signal, but with an extra parameter
before. This parameter should have the type of the class in which the signal is declared. When a signal is
emitted all handlers are called with this parameter being the object by which the signal was emitted. </para>
-<para>The time that an arbtirary expression is acceptable in this expression is when that expression
evaluates to an instance of a delegate type, i.e. to a method that is a legal handler for the signal. For
details on delegates, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>.
For details on lambda expressions see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#Lambdas";>Methods/Lambdas</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>The time that an arbtirary expression is acceptable in this expression is when that expression
evaluates to an instance of a delegate type, i.e. to a method that is a legal handler for the signal. For
details on delegates, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>.
For details on lambda expressions see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#Lambdas";>Methods/Lambdas</ulink>.
</para>
<para>Note that optional signal detail should be directly appended to the signal name, with no white space,
e.g. <code>o.notify["name"] += ...</code> </para>
<para>It is also possible to disconnect a signal handler using the following expression form:
</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>signal-disconnection-expression:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
@@ -1567,14 +1567,14 @@
<section>
<title>Class enums</title>
-<para>Enums defined in a class are basically the same as those defined in a namespace. The only difference
is the scope and the choice of visibilities available. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#";>Enumerated
types (Enums)</ulink>. </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
+<para>Enums defined in a class are basically the same as those defined in a namespace. The only difference
is the scope and the choice of visibilities available. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Enumerated%20types%20%28Enums%29#";>Enumerated
types (Enums)</ulink>. </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>class-enum-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ class-member-visibility-modifier ] <emphasis role="strong">enum</emphasis> enum-name <emphasis
role="strong">{</emphasis> [ enum-members ] <emphasis role="strong">}</emphasis>
</para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Class delegates</title>
-<para>Delegates defined in a class are basically the same as those defined in a namespace. The only
difference is the scope and the choice of visibilities available. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>.
</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
+<para>Delegates defined in a class are basically the same as those defined in a namespace. The only
difference is the scope and the choice of visibilities available. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Delegates#";>Delegates</ulink>.
</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>class-delegate-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ class-member-visibility-modifier ] return-type <emphasis role="strong">delegate</emphasis>
delegate-name <emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> method-params-list <emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis>
<emphasis role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
</section>
@@ -1726,17 +1726,17 @@
</section>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Interfaces</title>
-<para>An interface in Vala is a non-instantiable type. A class may implement any number of interfaces,
thereby declaring that an instance of that class should also be considered an instance of those interfaces.
Interfaces are part of the GType system, and so compact classes may not implement interfaces (see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class";>Classes/Types
of class</ulink>.) </para>
+<para>An interface in Vala is a non-instantiable type. A class may implement any number of interfaces,
thereby declaring that an instance of that class should also be considered an instance of those interfaces.
Interfaces are part of the GType system, and so compact classes may not implement interfaces (see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class";>Classes/Types
of class</ulink>.) </para>
<para>The simplest interface declaration looks like this: </para><programlisting format="linespecific"
language="highlight" linenumbering="numbered"
startinglinenumber="1"><token><![CDATA[interface]]></token><![CDATA[
]]><methodname><![CDATA[InterfaceName]]></methodname><![CDATA[ {]]>
<![CDATA[}]]>
</programlisting>
<para>Unlike C# or Java, Vala's interfaces may include implemented methods, and so provide premade
functionality to an implementing class, similar to mixins in other languages. All methods defined in a Vala
interface are automatically considered to be virtual. Interfaces in Vala may also have prerequisites -
classes or other interfaces that implementing classes must inherit from or implement. This is a more general
form of the interface inheritence found in other languages. It should be noted that if you want to guarantee
that all implementors of an interface are GObject type classes, you should give that class as a prerequisite
for the interface. </para>
<para>Interfaces in Vala have a static scope, identified by the name of the interface. This is the only
scope associated with them (i.e. there is no class or instance scope created for them at any time.)
Non-instance members of the interface (static members and other declarations,) can be identified using this
scope. </para>
-<para>For an overview of object oriented programming, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Object_oriented_programming";>Concepts/Object
oriented programming</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For an overview of object oriented programming, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Concepts#Object_oriented_programming";>Concepts/Object
oriented programming</ulink>. </para>
<section>
<title>Interface declaration</title><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
@@ -1774,7 +1774,7 @@
<section>
<title>Interface fields</title>
<para>As an interface is not instantiable, it may not contain data on a per instance basis. It is though
allowable to define static fields in an interface. These are equivalent to static fields in a class: they
exist exactly once regardless of how many instances there are of classes that implement the interface. </para>
-<para>The syntax for static interface fields is the same as the static class fields: See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_fields";>Classes/Class
fields</ulink>. For more explanation of static vs instance members, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class_members";>Classes/Types
of class members</ulink>. </para>
+<para>The syntax for static interface fields is the same as the static class fields: See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_fields";>Classes/Class
fields</ulink>. For more explanation of static vs instance members, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Types_of_class_members";>Classes/Types
of class members</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -1787,13 +1787,13 @@
<para>[ class-member-visibility-modifier ] <emphasis role="strong">abstract</emphasis> return-type
method-name <emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> [ params-list ] <emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis>
method-contracts [ <emphasis role="strong">throws</emphasis> exception-list ] <emphasis
role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> interface-static-method-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ class-member-visibility-modifier ] <emphasis role="strong">static</emphasis> return-type method-name
<emphasis role="strong">(</emphasis> [ params-list ] <emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis> method-contracts [
<emphasis role="strong">throws</emphasis> exception-list ] <emphasis role="strong">{</emphasis>
statement-list <emphasis role="strong">}</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
-<para>For discussion of methods in classes, see: <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_methods";>Classes/Class
methods</ulink>. For information about methods in general, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>. Of
particular note is that an abstract method of an interface defines a method that can always be called in an
instance of an interface, because that instance is guaranteed to be of a non-abstract class that implements
the interface's abstract methods. </para>
+<para>For discussion of methods in classes, see: <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_methods";>Classes/Class
methods</ulink>. For information about methods in general, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>. Of
particular note is that an abstract method of an interface defines a method that can always be called in an
instance of an interface, because that instance is guaranteed to be of a non-abstract class that implements
the interface's abstract methods. </para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Interface properties</title>
<para>Interfaces can contain properties in a similar way to classes. As interfaces can not contain per
instance data, interface properties cannot be created automatically. This means that all properties must
either be declared abstract (and implemented by implementing classes,) or have explicit get and set clauses
as appropriate. Vala does not allow an abstract property to be partially implemented, instead it should just
define which actions (get, set or both) should be implemented. </para>
-<para>Interfaces are not constructed, and so there is not concept of a construction property in an
interface. For more on properties in classes, see: <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Properties";>Classes/Properties</ulink>.
</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
+<para>Interfaces are not constructed, and so there is not concept of a construction property in an
interface. For more on properties in classes, see: <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Properties";>Classes/Properties</ulink>.
</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>interface-instance-property-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ class-member-visibility-modifier ] [ class-method-type-modifier ] qualified-type-name property-name
<emphasis role="strong">{</emphasis> accessors [ default-value ] <emphasis role="strong">}</emphasis>
<emphasis role="strong">;</emphasis></para>
<para> [ class-member-visibility-modifier ] <emphasis role="strong">abstract</emphasis> qualified-type-name
property-name <emphasis role="strong">{</emphasis> automatic-accessors <emphasis role="strong">}</emphasis>
<emphasis role="strong">;</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist></listitem></itemizedlist>
@@ -1808,7 +1808,7 @@
<section>
<title>Other interface members</title>
-<para>Constants, Enums, Delegates and Inner Classes all function the same as when they are declared in a
class. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>. When
declared in an interface, all these members can be accessed either using the name of the interface (that is,
of the static interface scope), or through and instance of an implementing class. </para>
+<para>Constants, Enums, Delegates and Inner Classes all function the same as when they are declared in a
class. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#";>Classes</ulink>. When
declared in an interface, all these members can be accessed either using the name of the interface (that is,
of the static interface scope), or through and instance of an implementing class. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -1991,7 +1991,7 @@
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Generics</title>
@@ -2093,7 +2093,7 @@
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Structs</title>
@@ -2151,7 +2151,7 @@
<section>
<title>Struct methods</title>
-<para>See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>, See
<ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_methods";>Classes/Class
methods</ulink> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
+<para>See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Methods#";>Methods</ulink>, See
<ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Classes#Class_methods";>Classes/Class
methods</ulink> </para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>struct-method-declaration:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
<para>[ access-modifier ] [ struct-method-type-modifier ] return-type method-name <emphasis
role="strong">(</emphasis> [ params-list ] <emphasis role="strong">)</emphasis> method-contracts [ <emphasis
role="strong">throws</emphasis> exception-list ] <emphasis role="strong">{</emphasis> statement-list
<emphasis role="strong">}</emphasis></para></listitem></itemizedlist>
<para> struct-method-type-modifier:</para><itemizedlist><listitem override="none">
@@ -2165,7 +2165,7 @@
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Enumerated types (Enums)</title>
@@ -2206,7 +2206,7 @@
<section>
<title>Flag types</title>
-<para>An enumerated type declaration can be converted into a flag type declaration by annotating the
declaration with "Flags". A flag type represents a set of flags, any number of which can be
combined in one instance of the flag type, in the same fashion as a bitfield in C. For an explanation of the
operations that can be performed on flag types, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Flag_operations";>Expressions/Flag
operations</ulink>. For how to use attributes, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Attributes#";>Attributes</ulink>.
</para>
+<para>An enumerated type declaration can be converted into a flag type declaration by annotating the
declaration with "Flags". A flag type represents a set of flags, any number of which can be
combined in one instance of the flag type, in the same fashion as a bitfield in C. For an explanation of the
operations that can be performed on flag types, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Expressions#Flag_operations";>Expressions/Flag
operations</ulink>. For how to use attributes, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Attributes#";>Attributes</ulink>.
</para>
<para>For example, say we want to draw the borders of a table cell: </para><programlisting
format="linespecific" language="highlight" linenumbering="numbered"
startinglinenumber="1"><![CDATA[[]]><methodname><![CDATA[Flags]]></methodname><![CDATA[]]]>
<token><![CDATA[enum]]></token><![CDATA[ ]]><methodname><![CDATA[Borders]]></methodname><![CDATA[ {]]>
<![CDATA[ ]]><methodname><![CDATA[LEFT]]></methodname><![CDATA[,]]>
@@ -2231,7 +2231,7 @@
<section>
<title>Error domains</title>
<para>Error domains are Vala's method for describing errors. An error domain is declared using a similar
syntax to enumerated types, but this does not define a type - instead it defines a class of errors, which is
used to implicitly create a new error type for the error domain. The error domain declaration syntax is
effectively the same as for enumerated types, but the keyword <code>errordomain</code> is used instead of
<code>enum</code>. </para>
-<para>For more information about handling errors in Vala, see <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#";>Errors</ulink>. </para>
+<para>For more information about handling errors in Vala, see <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Errors#";>Errors</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -2241,7 +2241,7 @@
</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Attributes</title>
@@ -2498,7 +2498,7 @@
<section>
<title>SimpleType attribute</title>
-<para>This attribute is applied to structs. Consider reading: <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Value_types";>Vala Manual -
Value Types</ulink> and <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#Value_Types";>Vala Tutorial -
Value Types</ulink>. </para>
+<para>This attribute is applied to structs. Consider reading: <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Types#Value_types";>Vala Manual -
Value Types</ulink> and <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Tutorial#Value_Types";>Vala Tutorial -
Value Types</ulink>. </para>
</section>
<section>
@@ -2680,7 +2680,7 @@
<para>class, struct</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1"
rowsep="1">
<para>ModuleInit</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<para>method</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
-<para>Marks the associated type as dynamic, and marks the method as a <ulink
url="http://valadoc.org/#!api=gobject-2.0/GLib.TypeModule";>TypeModule</ulink> init function. See <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/TypeModuleSample#";>TypeModule
example</ulink></para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
+<para>Marks the associated type as dynamic, and marks the method as a <ulink
url="http://valadoc.org/#!api=gobject-2.0/GLib.TypeModule";>TypeModule</ulink> init function. See <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/TypeModuleSample#";>TypeModule
example</ulink></para></entry></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<para>NoAccessorMethod</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
<para>property</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1"/></row><row rowsep="1"><entry colsep="1"
rowsep="1">
<para>NoArrayLength</para></entry><entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
@@ -2730,7 +2730,7 @@
<para>TODO: write examples. </para>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>Preprocessor</title>
@@ -2837,11 +2837,11 @@ $ ./preprocessor-debug]]></screen>
</section>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>GIDL metadata format</title>
-<para>This section describes the format of .metadata files as used by <emphasis>vapigen</emphasis> as
additional information for .vapi file generation. Some of the information specified in the metadata can be
used to set <ulink
url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Attributes#";>symbol
attributes</ulink> as well. </para>
+<para>This section describes the format of .metadata files as used by <emphasis>vapigen</emphasis> as
additional information for .vapi file generation. Some of the information specified in the metadata can be
used to set <ulink
url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual/Attributes#";>symbol
attributes</ulink> as well. </para>
<section>
<title>Comments</title>
@@ -3160,7 +3160,7 @@ $ ./preprocessor-debug]]></screen>
<para>Demonstrating... </para><screen><![CDATA[// ...]]></screen>
</section>
</section>
-<para>Back to <ulink url="http://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
+<para>Back to <ulink url="https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/Vala/Manual/Export/Projects/Vala/Manual#";>Vala
Reference Manual</ulink> </para>
<section>
<title>GIR metadata format</title>
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